Lord Burlington and William Kent - Chiswick House near London Research Paper

Lord Burlington and William Kent - Chiswick House near London - Research Paper Example This can be seen in Chiswick House, which is plainer and simpler in style than a Baroque building. The new belief in order and reason caused architects to draw up â€Å"rules† for good architecture and search for â€Å"good taste† in design (Curl 37). Buildings were designed using ideal geometric shapes such as the cube, rectangle and circle (Curl 40). This can be seen from the plan of the rooms at Chiswick House: there is a hexagonal (six-sided) hall in the centre, which is surrounded by square or rectangular rooms, and the whole building is shaped like a cube (the room plan is reproduced in Curl, 30). The eighteenth century saw important social changes. The monarchy and the church were declining in importance while the importance of the middle classes and the aristocracy was increasing (Black 269). A good example is the Earl of Burlington, the architect and owner of Chiswick House, who was an important patron of the arts and a private individual, not a royal. Aristocr ats were often landowners, and the eighteenth century was the great age of landscape gardening (Black 270). Chiswick House is surrounded by gardens, which were planned by Burlington’s assistant, William Kent. There was an increasing trend for aristocrats to go on a Grand Tour to Italy, to learn about ancient history and to collect works of art for their country houses (Black 293). Lord Burlington first visited Italy in 1714 and returned to Italy in 1719 to study buildings designed by Palladio, a great Renaissance architect. Chiswick House is modelled on Palladio’s Villa Rotonda, though it is not an exact copy. Chiswick House is smaller than the Villa Rotonda and it has a portico (with classical columns) on only one side of the building, while the Rotonda has porticos on all four sides (Steenbergen 131). Palladio and Burlington were both trying to recreate the villas of the ancient Romans. This may have had a political significance for Burlington, since he was a member of the British aristocracy, who modelled themselves on the â€Å"patricians† (aristocrats) of ancient Rome. Burlington did not actually live at Chiswick House: he used the building to display his art collection, hold concerts of music, and entertain his guests. The Enlightenment’s love of order and reason can be seen when we look at the front exterior of Chiswick House. The general effect is formal, symmetrical, and elegant. The stonework is quite plain. The only decoration is to be found in the elaborate (Corinthian) tops to the columns and the triangular tops to the two large windows. Two cleverly designed flights of steps lead up to the portico. The columns and the dome are important features of classical architecture. The interior of the house is much more colorful and elaborate, perhaps as a deliberate contrast to the rather plain exterior. Outside the house, at the bottom of the steps, there are statues of Palladio and Inigo Jones, who was the first English archi tect to design buildings in the Palladian style. This kind of symbolism continues inside the house. For example, the entrance to the central hall contains a bust of Augustus, who was the first Roman emperor. On the ceiling of the Blue Velvet Room there is a depiction of the goddess of architecture, and on the ceiling of the Green Velvet Room there is Mercury, god of commerce and the arts. The Chiswick House website suggests that Mercury could symbolise Burlington himself, a great patron of the arts. The use of symbolism extends into the gardens. There are statues of

American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

American History - Essay Example Whatever the cause of one of the fiercest wars in American history, it is worth noting that the event is a good example of interconnection between economics, politics and race. The North was very different from the south in terms of the economy and this in turn affected the politics of the day with the central question being the place of slavery in the economy. Slavery on the other hand, was a strong indicator of racism in America as it was a sign of white supremacy which the Southern whites fought hard to keep. These slaves were very vital to the prosperity of the Southern economy and affected the politics of the day as it gave the slave owners the right to control politics (Egnal, 2009). These large plantation owners required slaves to tend to their cotton plantations thus were against abolition of slavery whereas the North most dependent on industries had no need for slaves thus advocated abolition. The aim of this paper is to show how politics, economics and race are interconnect ed. To achieve this, the paper will discuss one historical event where these issues are interconnected: the civil war. More so, it will discuss the causes of the war to show that it was a result of politics, economics and racism manifested in slavery. ... It is this high population that led to election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860 even without support from the south. As such, the north sought labor for its manufacturing sector and it was in form of free labor. This was due to the capitalistic economy and republican ideals which favored liberal policies as opposed to slavery. The north advocated for rapid economic modernization which entailed imposition of tariffs, internal improvements at the expense of government and introduction of a national bank (Engle, 2001). The north also had iron and coal deposits as well as enough water for moving the economy thus were favored by the tariffs. On the other hand, the south did not have minerals and as such relied on agricultural production to drive the economy especially cotton plantations. The cotton produced would be sent to the north for manufacturing as there were no industries in the south. Owing to this fact, the south was against introduction of a national bank and internal im provement at federal expense as it only favored the north (Egnal, 2009). There were few plantation owners and few small farmers in the south thus the plantation owners controlled the economy of the south. Due to the expansive plantations owned by the whites, extensive labor was needed and this was sourced from slavery. Slaves were brought in from Africa and these were considered inferior than whites hence prevalence of racism. The southern economy was dependent on slave labor hence the quest for secession to avoid the outcome of the abolitionist movement that was cropping up in the north. The civil war thus was prompted by the differences in the economies of the two regions and

The Importance Of Partisanship And The Young Vote Politics Essay

The Importance Of Partisanship And The Young Vote Politics Essay In todays elections, a significant role is played by young voters, so the consideration of partisanship and the young vote is critical to the success of any campaign strategy. It is an absolute necessity to target young voters between the ages of eighteen and twenty nine because their citizenship is numbering approximately 44 million. In an effort to build long-term political power, this young vote will be aggressively pursued since this vote will shape the way these voters vote for decades (Rock the Vote 5). Taking on the task of campaign advisor for the Democratic Party 2012 presidential campaign is no easy job. This task requires being very well organized, efficient, effective and running a successful campaign based on positive purpose and poise. With that in mind, I plan to devise some extremely effective strategies on how to obtain and secure votes for the Democratic Party presidential hopeful on Election Day 2012. With careful planning and the ability to stay focused, the Democratic Party will be victorious. It is crucial that the young voters are not neglected. They must be made aware of how their votes, views and opinions are important to the growing and ever changing economy. My decision on a party identification was molded by the views of my parents. When I was young, I recalled proclaiming to my mother that when I grow up I will choose the party that my mother was clearly and adamantly against. Needless to say, she gave me a look and a lecture as to why my decision should reflect hers. I share this information with you because Im absolutely sure I do not stand alone in how I chose my political party. Family plays a significant role in how their child will choose a political party. In Flanigan and Zingales Partisans and Partisan Change, more than two-thirds of the electorate identify with their parents party if both parents had the same party identification. . . Children pick up the partisanship of their parents while young. . . (104). Although, the childs decision is subject to change once he or she becomes of age to vote, it is important that candidates ensure these voters that they are important and that their voices will be heard. The campaigns mission is to not only to obtain the young vote but also to transpose these young voters from being weak partisans to strong democratic votes. This would not only make certain presidential triumph but could also assist the Democratic Party in regaining control of the House in the next congressional election. Strong partisans are also more likely to vote in all kinds of elections than are either weak partisans or independents. In fact, one explanation sometimes offered for the low turnout in the late twentieth century was the declining partisanship of the American public (Flanigan Zingales 93). I plan on using sources such as door to door visits, phone calling, and town hall meetings within colleges and universities and social networks to introduce the president. Through these devices the youths will be notified of presidents agenda, accomplishments and how his presidency will not neglect them but, address concerns for the economy. It is also important that education, tuition, employment, health care cost and global warming are spoken about with certainty and absolute reassurance and that the direction the president is taking is best for them and generations thereafter and not just an immediate and temporary solution. The strategies used to engage the youths are not only cost effective but also informative for the voter and the volunteer. Youths need information and guidance, their voice needs to be heard, and their opinions are also vital to the campaign. We must stay mobilized. Canvassing neighborhoods with door to door contact is an effective strategy. Each neighborhood will be approached by someone of the same ethnic background. This will help to instill a sense of commonality among the two. It has been studied that canvassing has been known to produce a habitual voter (Young Voter Mobilization Tactic 7). According to the research in Young Voter Mobilization Tactic, Overall, we consistently found a 7 to 10 percentage point increase among young voters contacted through a door-to-door canvass- a good reason to keep young voters on your walk lists. Canvassing is especially beneficial in dense student neighborhoods and apartment buildings where you can reach more people in less time. . . (9). Phone calls are also an excellent method in producing a huge voter turnout on Election Day. It has also been noted that calls consisting of a live person with a more conversational approach is effective and also informative for the voter of the candidates agenda (Young Voter Mobilization Tactic 12). A study showed that on average, good phone call campaigns generated a 2 to 5 percentage point increase in turnout (Young Voter Mobilization Tactic 13). We live in an era where technology is a vital source of everyday living. There is no avoiding it from a 5 year old playing with handheld games to a 60 year old having to conform to the new electronic ballot machines. The use of technology is inevitable therefore this campaign will ardently focus on this area. This is why I propose the use of on online social networks like: Face book, My Space, and Twitter. Todays youth spend more time online checking their social network pages and emails so it is critical that I tap into this group. The campaign will take advantage of these websites and create an open chat and group forum where the youths can collectively express their ideas, concerns, interest, and complaints regarding their political preference. Via these websites, detailed information about the presidents initiatives can be presented to the readers. As per the poll conducted in 2006 in Rock The Vote it showed that 88 percent of 18-29 year olds are online (compared to 32 percent of those 65 and older); 70 percent of 18-30 year olds use the Internet daily and two-thirds check their email daily; About one-quarter of 18-30 year olds use communications such as Face book or instant messaging. . . (5). Image is an important aspect of my campaign. In 2008, Barack Obama was sold to the masses as a young and vibrant candidate that will produce change in American politics. By doing so, it was easier for the Democratic Party to sell the idea to young voters and in earnest produced a higher voter turnout within the population of the young. It is essential that the voters can relate and share common interests with the candidate. As it was best stated in a reading by Flanigan and Zingale, Vote Choice and Electoral Decisions, The voter would feel a sense of displacement if they are unable to make a connection with the candidate. Partisanship and party imaging are not synonymous, however, because individuals often hold unfavorable perceptions of their party without changing party identification yet, at some point, negative images of ones own party or positive perceptions of the other party undoubtedly lead to partisan change (221). Not only is image an important factor in this campaign but also public opinion. The president and the entire campaign body must be made aware of what the public will and will not tolerate. This is vital information that is undoubtedly imperative to have. It is noted that past presidents have relied on public opinion polls to educate them on citizens thoughts and how such opinions can help the President create a strong following (Kernell Jacobson Kousser 446). Party identification, like other attitudes, affects beliefs as well as opinions. Attitudes introduce bias into perceptions and interpretations of political information because people tend to pay more attention and give more credence to information that confirms rather than challenges their beliefs following (Kernell Jacobson Kousser 472). This is why the president should conduct various polls of himself pertaining to his views and policies. He must also be aware of the polls conducted on the opposing candidate and have a keen awareness of the attitudes, beliefs, thinking, social issues and predispositions of the public. Anything that may affect the campaign for greater good or worst should be known. Public opinion is essential knowledge or else the candidate is running a blind campaign. Many qualities and attributes are needed to run a successful campaign. The relationship between the candidate and his party with the public is vital to the campaign. Image, his views on issues and policies are what may connect or disconnect him from his voters. Communication is essential; the campaign must focus on a set of targeted voters and stay focused until the task is accomplished. Everyone must be aware of his agenda in order to do so the candidate himself must know what drives and motivates his voters to vote.

Philip Augustus :: essays research papers

Philip Augustus, otherwise known as Philip II, was born on August 21, 1165 to Louis VII of France and Adà ¨le of Champagne. He was born in Paris, France. His father had declining health and crowned him King in 1179. Philip Augustus?s reign would be a big time of development of the Medieval Kingdom of France. On April 28, 1180, Philip Augustus married Isabelle of Hainut. His father died on September 18, 1180. A little time before he died, he had his first grandchild, Louis VIII, who was born to Philip Augustus and Isabelle of Hainut on September 5, 1187. Philip Augustus merged France into one kingdom. He seized the territories of Maine, Touraine, Anjou, Brittany, and all of Nomandy from King John of England. He killed King John in the Battle of Bouvines and ended the threats to the expansion of his kingdom. He was now left as the most powerful monarch in all of Europe. Philip Augustus went on the Third Crusade with Richard the Lionhearted and the Roman emperor, Fredrick I Barbarossa. His army left with the others? on July 1, 1190. The armies split at Lyons so Richard could go over sea and he could go over the Alps into Genoa. They reunited and camped for the winter together in Messina. On March 1, 1190, he set sail for the Holy Land and launched several assaults on Acre. Acre finally surrendered on July 12, and Philip left terribly ill. He had no interest in further crusading and returned to France on July 31, 1191. He married again to Ingeborg of Denmark on August 15, 1193. He didn?t like her and asked for a divorce. He refused to crown her as his queen. She refused to divorce him. In the meantime, he married for a third time to Princess Agnà ¨s of Mà ¨ranie. He had two children with her, Marie and Philippe Hurepel. Pope Innocent said this marriage was void because he was still married to Ingeborg. He ordered Philip to part with Agnà ¨s, but he refused.

Back to the Future: the Work and Influence of Filippo Marinetti & Umberto Boccioni

Back to the Future The work and influence of Filippo Marinetti & Umberto Boccioni In Europe the transition from the 19th to the 20th century witnessed the emergence of a number of artistic and social movements which left a great impact on societies, not only in Europe but also worldwide. Movements such as Futurism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and Constructivism played an important role in changing society for the better by using their design and art practices.This era also witnessed a number of ideological and cultural changes in many fields such as psychology, philosophy, arts, and technology. Behind the popularity of Dada, Surrealism, Constructivism, Art Deco, and also Vorticism, there was a strong idea of Futurism which incorporated elements of technology, speed, violence, and mechanical objects such as cars, airplanes, and bicycles. Futurism was largely an Italian based movement, however there were other versions of the movement happening around the world, including Russia, and England. .Most Futurists practiced in various mediums of art. According to Anonymous (2010), sculpture, painting, architecture, ceramics, industrial design, interior design, graphic design, theatre and film, textiles, and literature were all acceptable mediums for The Futurists. Two of the more notorious Futurists were Filippo Marinetti, and Umberto Boccioni. Marinetti’s Manifesto of Futurism and Boccioni’s plastic dynamism and sculpture, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space are two very well known pieces of art which played an important role in the popularity of Futurism.The works of the two futurists inspired many artists of their time and are still well known amongst contemporary artists. When the French newspaper, Le Figaro, published on its front page a manifesto about an artistic group, no one knew about the author. The manifesto was written by an EgyptianItalian named Filippo Marinetti, who was based in Milan and was one of the founding fathers of Futurism. The literary p iece was about Le Futurism, the foundation manifesto of the artistic group which was in the process of forming. Marinetti was a natural born writer he wrote from a very young age.He studied in Paris, where he furthered his love for literature. Marinetti’s rebellious nature caused him some difficulties even at this age. He faced the threat of expulsion when he tried to publish Emile Zola’s scandalous novels through the school magazine. (Harrison 2003, 35) Shortly after the manifesto was published Marinetti was thrust into the public eye, gaining notoriety amongst his contemporaries who saw that he would introduce large changes in the art world. However he was severely criticized by some artists because of his passionate hate for old art and politics.In the article, Marinetti idealized the beauty of modern life and discussed the benefits of machinery, speed, violence, and youth. He talked about the transformation of Italian culture in a new artistic world. According to H enning (2006), Marinetti’s manifesto was not welcomed by most historians who saw it as an attack against history, and historicism. They were of the view that Marinetti joined anti-musuem sentiment with nationalism. Even though the manifesto was published in a French newspaper, it received a large response from Italy. The manifesto was published in the French newspaper Le Figaro, but he emphasized its source -’from Italy’- at the same time as he rejected the museum culture of Italy, and by implication France too, in the effort to pronounce himself of the present, and of the future. Marinetti associated museums with an obsessions with the past which was corrupting and infecting the body of the nation. † (Henning 2006, 39) Marinetti’s manifesto continued to gain popularity from contemporary artists and draw criticism from contemporary historians.His opposition to museums were considered a threat to the connection between ancient art and literature. In 1916, when Marinetti introduced the manifesto ‘The New Religion-Morality of Speed’, it was clear that it had some connection with the past. Though Marinetti adorned this manifesto with technological excitement, he used the parody of religious language, which confused his critics. ‘The New Religion’ has received a strong response from authors over time. For example Blum (1996) see in the manifesto a strong logic for Futurism. The binary structuring of reality is tied to the founding of a new religion. In ‘La nuova religione-role della velocita’ (The New Religion-Morality of Speed; 1916), Marinetti argues that speed, whose essence is ‘the intuitive synthesis of all forces in movement,’ is, by nature, pure. † (Blum 1996, 34) Despite a strict Catholic upbringing, Marinetti was an open opponent of religion, especially the influence of The Vatican in Italy. He was greatly influenced by his fathers interest in the history of religio n. He had great command of the use of religious language, but always with an anti-clerical tone.For example, in his manifesto, ‘Against the Papacy and the Catholic Mentality, Repositories of Every Kind of Traditionalism’, Marinetti launched a campaign for the liberation of Italy from The Vatican. Despite there being clear anti-Catholic tirades in his two manifestos-Against Spain, and Against the Papacy and the Catholic Mentality- one can easily find a solid religious foundation within his writings. Bru and Martens (2006) see a connection between the manifestos. They are of the opinion that despite a gap of over nine years between the publication of the two manifestos, little change is seen in his views of religion. Marinetti expressed his anti-Catholic sentiments in the manifestos, Against Spain (1910) and Against the Papacy and the Catholics Mentality, Repositories of Every Kind of Traditionalism (1919). He was fervently supported by Settimelli, whose brochure Svatican amento: Dichiarazione agli italiani, attacked the Vatican in such strong term that it was sequestered and its author taken to court. † (Bru and Martens 2006, 179) Berghaus (2009) has found genuinely innovative elements in the manifestos of Marinetti. He is of the opinion that Marinetti’s manifestos propagate the futurist reform of lifestyle. Marinetti was opposed to any fetishization of the muscular body and was highly critical of the Fascist adoption of sporting spectacles for the purpose of indoctrination. He was interested in healthy bodies with agile minds. Modern physical culture was an ally in his battle against decadence, materialism, and outdated values. † (Berghaus 2009, 33) Therefore, it can be said that the hidden religious characteristics of Marinetti helped to construct his anti-Catholic and anti-clerical campaign. It is obvious that he developed this quality because of his father’s close connection with religion and religious symbolism.Marinet ti’s role in giving a significant position to Futurism in the cultural history of the twentieth century cannot be ignored. Italian painter and sculptor Boccioni is considered to be one of Italy’s most important Futurists. He laid a strong foundation for the concept of Futurism in Italy. Boccioni, who studied art in Rome’s Scuola Libera del Nudo a the Accademia dil Belle Arti, launched a campaign in 1914 to transform Italy, and introduce Plastic Dynamism. His encounter with Futurism came after many years of studying the psychology of artistic dilemmas.He used powerful plastic forms to convey a concept of movement both intrinsic and relative to the object’s environment. After studying the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists in Paris. Boccioni played a very important role in the establishment of Futurism in Italy in 1911. This was time when Futurism had formed an idiosyncratic and vibrant style, with earl stages of pointillism giving way to a softer, less distinct neo-impressionisitic aesthetic. Smith (1997) says that because of Boccioni’s stern anti-traditional notions, researchers often find a similarity between himself and Marinetti’s ideologies.The response of the two Futurists towards tradition and the influence of religion on society in Italy is very similar indeed. However, according to Smith, Boccioni is differs slightly in his ideas about modernism. â€Å"Although most writers on Futurism accept that Boccioni was caught up by Marinetti’s ideology, most have isolated his work from his proto-Facist politics. His work is thus discussed primarily in terms of his use of the formal devices for the representation of modernity that the Futurists advocated in their manifesto; theories of modernism and various forms of contemporary philosophy are also invoked. (Smith 1997, 111) Like Marinetti, Boccioni audaciously attacked traditional values in his book ‘Pittura e scultura futuriste (dinamismo plastico)â⠂¬â„¢. He announced that his ideas n Plastic Dynamism would function as an anti-traditional idea, and revive not only Italy, but the whole world. In plastic dynamism, Boccioni tried to find a connection between plastic form, and it’s surrounding space. Boccioni has received great attention from Hays (2000) who has closely researched the development of Plastic Dynamism.The author gives credit to Boccioni in the development of new theories in the genre. â€Å"A more essential evolution of these problems, and one closer to the scientific movement that emancipated physical theory from the old notion of matter and its correlative space, is the basis of the new plastic theories developed by the Futurist Umberto Boccioni in his writings on Plastic Dynamism. † (Hays 2000), 592) Boccioni, in his writing severely criticized the traditional aesthetic taste of a democratic states, and said they were largely comprised of pseudo-intellectuals, anarchists, and socialists.He held Enri co Ferri, the socialist editor of L’Avanti in high regard, but was also supportive of Enrico Corradini, the nationalist novelist and journalist. Despite Boccioni’s criticism of the Italian Nationalist Association for it failure to assist the futurists in promoting the movement politically, he was of the view that Corradini’s nationalist beliefs were a beacon of hope in a corrupt society. Boccioni studied closely both the nature of an object in motion and its visual revolution in relation to the environment through which it travels.Contrary to traditionalists, his plastic dynamism was a regeneration of plastic consciousness which rejected the devastating effects of democratic-rationalist education. (Kwinter, 2001, 61) Therefore it would not be wrong to say that the aesthetics of Plastic Dynamism which Boccioni highlighted in his writing was anti-democratic as well as anti-traditional. According to Harte (2009), Boccioni, despite his inspiration from the Avant Gar de art movements of Picasso and Braque, presented his ideas in a different style. Unlike the cubists, Picasso and Braque, who fragmented the painted object with little regard for its relationship to the surrounding world, Boccioni and his fellow futurists emphasized an aestheticised object’s interaction with that world, regarding this interaction as critical to a successful expression of rapid movement on the static canvas or through three dimensional, sculpted forms. † (Harte 2009, 18) Boccioni’s understanding of the fourth dimension successfully bound the theory of space to a temporal idea of revolution.This understanding makes Boccioni prominent amongst other Futurists. The study of the work and writings of both Boccioni and Marinetti make it clear that without an understanding of these two figures, it is difficult to understand the concept of Futurism itself. These two Futurists played an important role in sparking people’s interest in the Futurist mov ement, created a template not only for artistic ideas, but also for cultural and social disobedience and a fundamental opposition to traditional aesthetic, moral and political opinions.They each attempted to clarify the Futurist’s ideals and their work left a great impact on society. Smith (1997) provides further evidence of the ideological connection between Boccioni and Marinetti. â€Å"Boccioni and Marinetti founded a movement based on speed. With the death of it’s leading artists, Boccioni, Futurism died fast. † (Strickland and Boswell 2007, 139) References Anonymous (2010) Futurism: Futurist Manifesto, Suite Vollard Enrico Prampolini, General Books LLC, New York Anonymous Berghaus, G. 2009) Futurism and the Technological Imagination, Rodopi, Amsterdam Blum, C S. (1996) The Other Modernism: F. T. Marinetti’s Futurist Fiction of Power, University of California Press, California Bru, S. , and Martens, G. (2006) The Invention of Politics in the European Avant-garde, Rodolphi, Amsterdam Harrison, A. (2003) D. H. Lawrence and Italian Futurism: A Study of Influence, Rodopi, Harte, T. (2009) Fast Forward The Aesthetics and Ideology of Speed in Russian Avant-Garde Culture, University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin Hays, M. 2000) Architecture Theory Since 1968, MIT Press, Cambridge Henning, M. (2006) Museums, Media, and Cultural Theory. McGraw-Hill International, London Smith, T E. (1997) Invisible Touch: Modernism and Masculinity, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Strickland, C. , and Boswell J (2007) The Annotated Mona Lisa: A Crash Course in Art History from Prehistoric to Post Modern. Andrews McMeel Publishing, Riverside, NJ Figure 1. Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913, Umberto Boccioni From: http://www. octorhugo. org/synaesthesia/art/ Figure 2. Dynamism of a cyclist, painting, 1913, Umberto Boccioni From: http://artsforhealthmmu. blogspot. com/2011/08/blog-post. html Figure 3. Futurist Manifesto, newspaper article, 1917, F ilippo Marinetti From: http://www. collezioni-f. it/marinetti01. jpg Figure 4. Parole in Liberta, book illustration, 1917, Filippo Marinetti From: http://blanchardmodernart. blogspot. com/2010/10/cubism-and-futurism. html Back to the Future: the Work and Influence of Filippo Marinetti & Umberto Boccioni Back to the Future The work and influence of Filippo Marinetti & Umberto Boccioni In Europe the transition from the 19th to the 20th century witnessed the emergence of a number of artistic and social movements which left a great impact on societies, not only in Europe but also worldwide. Movements such as Futurism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and Constructivism played an important role in changing society for the better by using their design and art practices.This era also witnessed a number of ideological and cultural changes in many fields such as psychology, philosophy, arts, and technology. Behind the popularity of Dada, Surrealism, Constructivism, Art Deco, and also Vorticism, there was a strong idea of Futurism which incorporated elements of technology, speed, violence, and mechanical objects such as cars, airplanes, and bicycles. Futurism was largely an Italian based movement, however there were other versions of the movement happening around the world, including Russia, and England. .Most Futurists practiced in various mediums of art. According to Anonymous (2010), sculpture, painting, architecture, ceramics, industrial design, interior design, graphic design, theatre and film, textiles, and literature were all acceptable mediums for The Futurists. Two of the more notorious Futurists were Filippo Marinetti, and Umberto Boccioni. Marinetti’s Manifesto of Futurism and Boccioni’s plastic dynamism and sculpture, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space are two very well known pieces of art which played an important role in the popularity of Futurism.The works of the two futurists inspired many artists of their time and are still well known amongst contemporary artists. When the French newspaper, Le Figaro, published on its front page a manifesto about an artistic group, no one knew about the author. The manifesto was written by an EgyptianItalian named Filippo Marinetti, who was based in Milan and was one of the founding fathers of Futurism. The literary p iece was about Le Futurism, the foundation manifesto of the artistic group which was in the process of forming. Marinetti was a natural born writer he wrote from a very young age.He studied in Paris, where he furthered his love for literature. Marinetti’s rebellious nature caused him some difficulties even at this age. He faced the threat of expulsion when he tried to publish Emile Zola’s scandalous novels through the school magazine. (Harrison 2003, 35) Shortly after the manifesto was published Marinetti was thrust into the public eye, gaining notoriety amongst his contemporaries who saw that he would introduce large changes in the art world. However he was severely criticized by some artists because of his passionate hate for old art and politics.In the article, Marinetti idealized the beauty of modern life and discussed the benefits of machinery, speed, violence, and youth. He talked about the transformation of Italian culture in a new artistic world. According to H enning (2006), Marinetti’s manifesto was not welcomed by most historians who saw it as an attack against history, and historicism. They were of the view that Marinetti joined anti-musuem sentiment with nationalism. Even though the manifesto was published in a French newspaper, it received a large response from Italy. The manifesto was published in the French newspaper Le Figaro, but he emphasized its source -’from Italy’- at the same time as he rejected the museum culture of Italy, and by implication France too, in the effort to pronounce himself of the present, and of the future. Marinetti associated museums with an obsessions with the past which was corrupting and infecting the body of the nation. † (Henning 2006, 39) Marinetti’s manifesto continued to gain popularity from contemporary artists and draw criticism from contemporary historians.His opposition to museums were considered a threat to the connection between ancient art and literature. In 1916, when Marinetti introduced the manifesto ‘The New Religion-Morality of Speed’, it was clear that it had some connection with the past. Though Marinetti adorned this manifesto with technological excitement, he used the parody of religious language, which confused his critics. ‘The New Religion’ has received a strong response from authors over time. For example Blum (1996) see in the manifesto a strong logic for Futurism. The binary structuring of reality is tied to the founding of a new religion. In ‘La nuova religione-role della velocita’ (The New Religion-Morality of Speed; 1916), Marinetti argues that speed, whose essence is ‘the intuitive synthesis of all forces in movement,’ is, by nature, pure. † (Blum 1996, 34) Despite a strict Catholic upbringing, Marinetti was an open opponent of religion, especially the influence of The Vatican in Italy. He was greatly influenced by his fathers interest in the history of religio n. He had great command of the use of religious language, but always with an anti-clerical tone.For example, in his manifesto, ‘Against the Papacy and the Catholic Mentality, Repositories of Every Kind of Traditionalism’, Marinetti launched a campaign for the liberation of Italy from The Vatican. Despite there being clear anti-Catholic tirades in his two manifestos-Against Spain, and Against the Papacy and the Catholic Mentality- one can easily find a solid religious foundation within his writings. Bru and Martens (2006) see a connection between the manifestos. They are of the opinion that despite a gap of over nine years between the publication of the two manifestos, little change is seen in his views of religion. Marinetti expressed his anti-Catholic sentiments in the manifestos, Against Spain (1910) and Against the Papacy and the Catholics Mentality, Repositories of Every Kind of Traditionalism (1919). He was fervently supported by Settimelli, whose brochure Svatican amento: Dichiarazione agli italiani, attacked the Vatican in such strong term that it was sequestered and its author taken to court. † (Bru and Martens 2006, 179) Berghaus (2009) has found genuinely innovative elements in the manifestos of Marinetti. He is of the opinion that Marinetti’s manifestos propagate the futurist reform of lifestyle. Marinetti was opposed to any fetishization of the muscular body and was highly critical of the Fascist adoption of sporting spectacles for the purpose of indoctrination. He was interested in healthy bodies with agile minds. Modern physical culture was an ally in his battle against decadence, materialism, and outdated values. † (Berghaus 2009, 33) Therefore, it can be said that the hidden religious characteristics of Marinetti helped to construct his anti-Catholic and anti-clerical campaign. It is obvious that he developed this quality because of his father’s close connection with religion and religious symbolism.Marinet ti’s role in giving a significant position to Futurism in the cultural history of the twentieth century cannot be ignored. Italian painter and sculptor Boccioni is considered to be one of Italy’s most important Futurists. He laid a strong foundation for the concept of Futurism in Italy. Boccioni, who studied art in Rome’s Scuola Libera del Nudo a the Accademia dil Belle Arti, launched a campaign in 1914 to transform Italy, and introduce Plastic Dynamism. His encounter with Futurism came after many years of studying the psychology of artistic dilemmas.He used powerful plastic forms to convey a concept of movement both intrinsic and relative to the object’s environment. After studying the Impressionists and Post-Impressionists in Paris. Boccioni played a very important role in the establishment of Futurism in Italy in 1911. This was time when Futurism had formed an idiosyncratic and vibrant style, with earl stages of pointillism giving way to a softer, less distinct neo-impressionisitic aesthetic. Smith (1997) says that because of Boccioni’s stern anti-traditional notions, researchers often find a similarity between himself and Marinetti’s ideologies.The response of the two Futurists towards tradition and the influence of religion on society in Italy is very similar indeed. However, according to Smith, Boccioni is differs slightly in his ideas about modernism. â€Å"Although most writers on Futurism accept that Boccioni was caught up by Marinetti’s ideology, most have isolated his work from his proto-Facist politics. His work is thus discussed primarily in terms of his use of the formal devices for the representation of modernity that the Futurists advocated in their manifesto; theories of modernism and various forms of contemporary philosophy are also invoked. (Smith 1997, 111) Like Marinetti, Boccioni audaciously attacked traditional values in his book ‘Pittura e scultura futuriste (dinamismo plastico)â⠂¬â„¢. He announced that his ideas n Plastic Dynamism would function as an anti-traditional idea, and revive not only Italy, but the whole world. In plastic dynamism, Boccioni tried to find a connection between plastic form, and it’s surrounding space. Boccioni has received great attention from Hays (2000) who has closely researched the development of Plastic Dynamism.The author gives credit to Boccioni in the development of new theories in the genre. â€Å"A more essential evolution of these problems, and one closer to the scientific movement that emancipated physical theory from the old notion of matter and its correlative space, is the basis of the new plastic theories developed by the Futurist Umberto Boccioni in his writings on Plastic Dynamism. † (Hays 2000), 592) Boccioni, in his writing severely criticized the traditional aesthetic taste of a democratic states, and said they were largely comprised of pseudo-intellectuals, anarchists, and socialists.He held Enri co Ferri, the socialist editor of L’Avanti in high regard, but was also supportive of Enrico Corradini, the nationalist novelist and journalist. Despite Boccioni’s criticism of the Italian Nationalist Association for it failure to assist the futurists in promoting the movement politically, he was of the view that Corradini’s nationalist beliefs were a beacon of hope in a corrupt society. Boccioni studied closely both the nature of an object in motion and its visual revolution in relation to the environment through which it travels.Contrary to traditionalists, his plastic dynamism was a regeneration of plastic consciousness which rejected the devastating effects of democratic-rationalist education. (Kwinter, 2001, 61) Therefore it would not be wrong to say that the aesthetics of Plastic Dynamism which Boccioni highlighted in his writing was anti-democratic as well as anti-traditional. According to Harte (2009), Boccioni, despite his inspiration from the Avant Gar de art movements of Picasso and Braque, presented his ideas in a different style. Unlike the cubists, Picasso and Braque, who fragmented the painted object with little regard for its relationship to the surrounding world, Boccioni and his fellow futurists emphasized an aestheticised object’s interaction with that world, regarding this interaction as critical to a successful expression of rapid movement on the static canvas or through three dimensional, sculpted forms. † (Harte 2009, 18) Boccioni’s understanding of the fourth dimension successfully bound the theory of space to a temporal idea of revolution.This understanding makes Boccioni prominent amongst other Futurists. The study of the work and writings of both Boccioni and Marinetti make it clear that without an understanding of these two figures, it is difficult to understand the concept of Futurism itself. These two Futurists played an important role in sparking people’s interest in the Futurist mov ement, created a template not only for artistic ideas, but also for cultural and social disobedience and a fundamental opposition to traditional aesthetic, moral and political opinions.They each attempted to clarify the Futurist’s ideals and their work left a great impact on society. Smith (1997) provides further evidence of the ideological connection between Boccioni and Marinetti. â€Å"Boccioni and Marinetti founded a movement based on speed. With the death of it’s leading artists, Boccioni, Futurism died fast. † (Strickland and Boswell 2007, 139) References Anonymous (2010) Futurism: Futurist Manifesto, Suite Vollard Enrico Prampolini, General Books LLC, New York Anonymous Berghaus, G. 2009) Futurism and the Technological Imagination, Rodopi, Amsterdam Blum, C S. (1996) The Other Modernism: F. T. Marinetti’s Futurist Fiction of Power, University of California Press, California Bru, S. , and Martens, G. (2006) The Invention of Politics in the European Avant-garde, Rodolphi, Amsterdam Harrison, A. (2003) D. H. Lawrence and Italian Futurism: A Study of Influence, Rodopi, Harte, T. (2009) Fast Forward The Aesthetics and Ideology of Speed in Russian Avant-Garde Culture, University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin Hays, M. 2000) Architecture Theory Since 1968, MIT Press, Cambridge Henning, M. (2006) Museums, Media, and Cultural Theory. McGraw-Hill International, London Smith, T E. (1997) Invisible Touch: Modernism and Masculinity, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Strickland, C. , and Boswell J (2007) The Annotated Mona Lisa: A Crash Course in Art History from Prehistoric to Post Modern. Andrews McMeel Publishing, Riverside, NJ Figure 1. Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913, Umberto Boccioni From: http://www. octorhugo. org/synaesthesia/art/ Figure 2. Dynamism of a cyclist, painting, 1913, Umberto Boccioni From: http://artsforhealthmmu. blogspot. com/2011/08/blog-post. html Figure 3. Futurist Manifesto, newspaper article, 1917, F ilippo Marinetti From: http://www. collezioni-f. it/marinetti01. jpg Figure 4. Parole in Liberta, book illustration, 1917, Filippo Marinetti From: http://blanchardmodernart. blogspot. com/2010/10/cubism-and-futurism. html

Life of Adele Essay

Better known simply as Adele, is an English singer, songwriter and musician. Adele Laurie Blue Adkins was born in Tottenham, north London, England, to Penny Adkins, an English teenager, and Mark Evans, a Welshman, on 5 May 1988. Evans walked out on Adele when she was two, leaving her 20-year-old mother to raise her single-handedly, for which Adele has still not forgiven him. She began singing at age four and asserts that she became obsessed with voices. Adele has cited the Spice Girls as a major influence in regard to her love and passion for music, stating that â€Å"they made me what I am today. † At the age of nine, Adele and her mother, a furniture-maker and adult learning activities organiser, relocated to Brighton. She remains an ardent fan of her hometown Premier League football club Tottenham Hotspur. At 11, she and her mother moved to Brixton, and then to neighbouring district West Norwood, in south London. West Norwood is the subject for Adele’s first record, â€Å"Hometown Glory†, written when she was 16. After moving to south London, she became interested in R&B artists such as Aaliyah, Destiny’s Child and Mary J. Blige. Adele says that one of the most defining moments in her life was when she watched Pink perform at Brixton Academy. Adele graduated from the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology in Croydon in May 2006, where she was a classmate of Leona Lewis and Jessie J.  Adele credits the school with nurturing her talent even though at the time she was more interested in going into A&R and hoped to launch other people’s careers. Her debut album, 19, was released in 2008 to much commercial and critical success. Adele released her second album, 21, in early 2011. The album was well received critically and surpassed the success of her debut, earning the singer six Grammy Awards in 2012 including Album of the Year, equalling the record for most Grammy Awards won by a female artist in one night. The success of 21 earned Adele numerous mentions in the Guinness World Records. She is the first artist to sell more than 3 million copies of an album in a year in the UK. With her two albums and the first two singles from 21, â€Å"Rolling in the Deep† and â€Å"Someone Like You†, Adele became the first living artist to achieve the feat of having two top-five hits in both the UK Official Singles Chart and the Official Albums Chart simultaneously since The Beatles in 1964.

Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions Essays

Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions Essays Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions Paper Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions Paper Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown water sample Modified 9/2012 Objective: The most common multivalent metal ions in natural waters are Ca2+ and Mg2+. In this experiment, you will find the total concentration of calcium ions that can react with EDTA with the assumptions that EDTA reacts 1:1 with metal (Ca2+) ions. Equipment 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask (3) 50-mL Buret Ring-stand and hardware Desiccator 400-mL Beaker 500-mL Vol. flask 250-mL Vol. flask 1. 0-mL Vol Pipette 100-mL Grad cylinder Hot plate Safety and Waste Disposal Chemicals Buffer (pH 10): Add 142 mL of 28 wt % aqueous NH3 to 17. 5 g of NH4Cl and dilute to 250 mL with water. Eriochrome black T indicator: Dissolve 0. 2 g of the solid indicator in 15 mL of triethanolamine plus 5 mL of absolute ethanol. 50 wt % NaOH: Dissolve 100 g of NaOH in 100 g of H2O in a 250-mL plastic bottle. Store tightly capped. When you remove solution with a pipet, try not to disturb the solid Na2CO3 precipitate. Discussion: Hard water is due to metal ions (minerals) that are dissolved in the ground water. These minerals include Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO42-, and HCO3-. Generally hard water arises because rainwater moves through limestone, CaCO3 underground that occurs in our area to the aquifer. This is why we measure hardness in terms of CaCO3. The concentration of the Ca2+ ions is greater than the concentration of any other metal ion in our water. The determination of water hardness is routinely used to measure the quality of water that the general public uses. Originally, water hardness was defined as the measure of the capacity of the water to precipitate soap. Hard water is not a health hazard since the main chemical in hard water is calcium. People regularly take calcium supplements. In fact, hard water can be a source of necessary minerals (calcium and magnesium) that is necessary for good health. Indeed, the National Academy of Science go so far as stating that that consuming extremely hard water could be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet. The problem with hard water is that it cause soap scum, clog pipes and clog boilers. Soap scum is formed when the calcium ion binds with the soap. This causes an insoluble compound that precipitates to form the scum you see. Soap actually softens hard water by removing the Ca2+ ions from the water. When hard water is heated, CaCO3 precipitates out, which then clogs pipes and industrial boilers. This leads to malfunction or damage and is expensive to remove. There are two types of water hardness, temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness is due to the bicarbonate ion, HCO3-, being present in the water. This type of hardness can be removed by boiling the water to expel the CO2, as indicated by the following equation: HCO3- (aq) ? H2O (l) + CO2 (g). Because bicarbonate can be removed it is classified as temporary hardness. Permanent hardness is due to the presence of the ions Ca2+, Mg+2, Fe3+ and SO4-2. Because boiling cannot eliminate this type of hardness, the water is said to be permanently hard. The table below shows the degree of hardness of the water in terms of its calcium carbonate concentration in ppm and grains. Hardness rating Soft Medium Hard Hard Very Hard Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (mg/L or ppm) 0 75 75 to 150 150 to 300 300 and greater Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (grains/US gallon) 0 to 5. 2 5. 2 to 10. 5 10. 5 to 21 21 and greater Permanent hardness is usually determined by titrating it with a standard solution of ethylenediamminetetraacetic acid, EDTA. The EDTA is a complexing, or chelating agent used to capture the metal ions. This causes water to soften, but the metal ions however, are not removed from the water. EDTA simply binds the metal ions so that the ions do not precipitate to form soap scum. EDTA is a versatile chelating agent. A chelating agent is a substance whose molecules can form several bonds to a single metal ion. Chelating agents are multidentate ligands. A ligand is a substance that binds with a metal ion to form a complex ion. Multi-dentate ligands are many clawed, holding onto the metal ion to form a very stable complex. EDTA can form four or six bonds with a metal ion. It is frequently used in soaps and detergents because it forms complexes with calcium and magnesium ions. The ions in hard water are bound to the EDTA and cannot interfere with the cleaning action of the soap or detergent. EDTA is also used in foods. Certain enzymes are responsible for food spoilage. EDTA is used to remove metal ions from these enzymes. It is used to promote color retention in dried bananas, beans, chick peas, canned clams, pecan pie filling, frozen potatoes and canned shrimp. It is used to improve flavor retention in canned carbonated beverages, beer, salad dressings, mayonnaise, margarine, and sauces. It inhibits rancidity in salad dressings, mayonnaise, sauces and salad spreads. In this lab you will be asked to determine the total permanent hardness. EDTA grabs all the metal ions in the water, not just the Ca2+ ions. This gives us a value that is not truly the concentration of Ca2+ ions. This causes an experimental error of about 1%, which is acceptable due to the fuzzy endpoints in this type of titration. Erio-T indicator or Eriochrome Black-T indicator is used in this titration. When it is chelated or acidifies, it produces a Pink-Red solution. When it is not chelated and under basic conditions it is Blue. The three pictures show the end point in this titration. There is a 1-drop difference of 0. 01 M EDTA between the first and second pictures and between the second and third pictures. Two or three seconds were allowed for colors in the second and third pictures to develop after adding the additional drop. In each case the solution was thoroughly mixed. This color change from wine red to violet to blue is due to the compact nature of the complex. Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution PROCEDURE Modified 9/2012 1. Dry Na2H2EDTA. 2H2O (FM 372. 24) at 80 ° C for 1 h and cool in the desiccator. Accurately weigh out ~ 0. 6 g and dissolve it with heating in 400 mL of water in a beaker. Cool to room temperature pour into a 500-mL volumetric flask. , mix and dilute to the mark. 2. You should practice finding the end point several times by adding a little tap water in a clean beaker and titrating with EDTA. Save a solution at the end point to use as a color comparison for other titrations. 3. Pipet a 1-mL sample of unknown into a 250-mL flask and fill to the mark with deionized water. Mix thoroughly. From this 250-mL stock solution draw 4, 50mL aliquot samples and place each aliquot in 250mL Erlenmeyer flasks. To each sample, add 3 mL of pH 10 buffer and 6 drops of Eriochrome black T indicator. To the first 50-ml solution, titrate with EDTA from a 50-mL buret and note when the color changes from wine red to blue. 4. Repeat the titration with the next three samples to find an accurate value of the total Ca2+ concentration. Perform a blank titration with 50 mL of distilled water and subtract the value of the blank from each result. 5. Upon completion of the experiment, discard all solution in a chemical waste bottle and wash out the glassware. Be sure to dry your buret in the upside down position. _________________________________________________________ Calculations – Analysis: Analyte Ca2+ The reaction of Ca2+ ions with H2EDTA2- takes place with a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio: Ca2+ + EDTA2- ? At the end point of the titration, 1-equivalent of Ca2+ reacts with one equivalent of H2EDTA2-. 1 eqv Ca2+ = 1 eqv H2EDTA2-; equivalent Ca2+ = [H2EDTA2-] Vol EDTA CaH2EDTA. Recall that the analyte (we call this unknown solution) was prepared by taking exactly 1-mL of the unknown solution and diluting in a 250-mL volumetric flask (we will call this the stock solution) 50-mL aliquot (call this the analyte) of this solution was then titrated against EDTA. Note that the analyte concentration is equal to the stock solution concentration. The mass Ca2+ in 1 mL aliquot unknown: Mass of Ca2+ in 50mL Sample = H 2EDTA2? $ Vol EDTA $ = mol H 2EDTA2- = mol Ca2+in 50mL Analyte # % # % Mass of Ca2+ in 1mL of unknown = mol Ca2+ ? 250mL aliquot Ca2+ __ g Ca2+ ? 50mL Analyte mol ? ? Dilution Factor Atomic mass Ca Mass of Ca2+ in 1 L solution: Mass Ca2+ in 1 L = mass Ca2+ in 1 mL Aliquot 1000 mL 1 mL Concentration of unknown by percent (m:v), parts per hundred (m:v) and Molarity (M): Mass Ca in 1mL aliquot Vol aliquot solution used % Ca2+ m:v = 100 ppm Ca2+ m:v = Mass Ca in 1mL aliquot Vol aliquot solution used 106 Molarity Ca2+ = mass Ca2+ in 1mL 1 mol Ca __g Ca ? ? ? molar mass Ca 1 Volume in L of unknown Aliquot used Mass in grams of calcium carbonate unknown in 1L solution: Mass CaCO 3 in 1-L = mass ppt (g) 1 mol CaC 2O 4 H 2O __ g CaC 2O 4 H 2O ? molar mass CaC O H O 2 4 2 1 mol CaCO 3 1 mol CaC 2O 4 H 2O 1 mol CaCO 3 Vol in L of aliquot ? ? ? ? Molar mass CaCO 3 __ g CaCO 3 1L Dilution Factor Statistical Analysis – 1. Report the mean, medium, standard deviations (s), relative standard deviation (RSD), variance (s2) and the 95% confidence interval for your results. 2. 3. 4. Apply the student’s t test at the 95% confidence interval Apply a Q-test to any suspected result. Confidence interval = x + ts n 5. Compare the results of this experiment to the previous experiment, Gravimetric determination of Ca. Apply the Comparison of Means with Student’s t, Case2 (p76) Comparing Replicate Measurements. Do the two methods agree within the 95% confidence interval? â‚ ¬ Test for Outlier Apply a Grubb’s Test and Q-Test for any suspected outliers at 95 % level. See page 83 of text for critical values for 95% confidence. If your results show an anomalous data then use the Q-test to determine if the result should be rejected. Q= (Suspected Value Nearest Value) (Suspected Value Furthest Value) G calc = | Questionable value x| s Table of Data, Results and Statistical Analysis: Calcium Raw Data 1. Unknown number 2 Mass of EDTA used 3 Concentration of EDTA 4 Volume of Unknown Ca2+ Solution 5 Volume EDTA during titration 6 Volume EDTA for blank trials 7 Q-Test (95%) of any outlier Analysis and Results 8 Mass of calcium in 1-mL aliquot (Average) 9 Mass of calcium in 1-L solution (Average) 10 Conc. of calcium, %, ppm (m:v) and Molarity (Average) 11 Mass of calcium carbonate in 1-L (Average) Statistical Analysis 12 Averages and Standard deviations of all results 13 Variance, RSD and CV of all results 14 95% Confidence interval 15 ttable and tcalc for replicate measurements DiscussionThe goal of this experiment was to determine the â€Å"hardness† of the unknown sample by calculating the concentration of calcium ions in an analyte solution. Correcting for dilution factors, the concentration of calcium in the unknown in g/L is to be determined and compared to analysis for calcium by EDTA titration. Statistical analysis is applied to the results. A discussion of this experiment should include the accuracy and precision of this experiment compared to the EDTA titration method. An analysis of a comparison of replicated measurement is performed and discussed. Table of results should include Include in your summary table the following: i) Moles of Ca2+ in the unknown and the average equivalent value. ii) Concentration of [Ca2+ ] in the unknown in molarity, ppm and g/L iv) Mean, standard deviations, RSD and CV for each of the above concentration units. v) Student’s t at the 95% confidence interval vi) Application of a G and Q-test to any suspected result at the 95% level. vii) ttable, tcalc, Conclusion on comparison of replicated measurements. . Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution Modified 9/2012 Sample data table. Sample Unknown # ______ Mass Na2EDTA, (g) Molarity Na2EDTA, (M) Vol. unknown, (ml) Buret Volinitial, (ml) Buret Volfinal, (ml) Volume EDTA used, (ml) Vol EDTA for blank, (ml) Corrected Col EDTA, (ml) Trial 1 Mass Ca2+ in 1 ml aliquot (g) Mass Ca2+ in 1-L solution (g) Concentration Ca (%) Concentration Ca (ppm) Molarity Ca2+, unknown (M) Mass calcium carbonate in 1L Q and G Test for Outliner CaCO3 (g/L), unknown Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Average Std dev Variance RSD , CV 95% CL Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Blank Student’s t Analysis: Comparing replicate measurements Analysis A: CaCO3 (g/L) 1 2 3 4 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Avg Avg X1bar X2bar Sqrt ((n1*n2)/(n1+n2)) (xi-x1)^2 deg freedom Spooled Expt 2 Expt 3 Ex2 (Xi-Xbar)^2 Ex3 (Xi-Xbar)^2 T calc t table Conclusion T calc ? T table, at 95%, two result are (not) considered to be different EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution. # 1 2 CRITERIA (Tentative point distribution may change depending on experiment) Quiz / Homework [NONE} Introduction and Procedures A. Introduction Objective of Expt. Background information. Math relationship used in study. B. Procedures Outline of procedures in Expt. Flow chart pictorial of procedures. Procedural changes. Information (data) to be recorded during experiment. (to be presented in Table form. ) Safety and disposal information. This portion of the report should be turned in before the start of lab class (prelab discussion). Data, Observe. , Results and Calc. C. Data and Observation Data in table form. detailed observations written in th e table. All data entry should contain the proper number of significant figures and units. Data should always be recorded in an organize fashion. Balance chemical equations; all chemical reaction which occurred during an experiment should be written in this section. Then it should also be written in the discussion portion of the report. This portion of the report should be turned in before you leave the laboratory. Calculations Results D. Calculations Sample calculation shown with Excel spreadsheet available with formulas shown Statistical analysis of data and result. Avg, Std dev, RSD, CV E. Results Summary of Result(s) in table form. In this section accuracy of results is very important as well as detailed calculation showing how the result was obtain. Unknown will also be included in this section. Discussion / Conclusions and Post-Lab Questions F. Discussion (Talking points) What is your final result in this experiment. Are the four trials consistent with each other? If not what would account for the inconsistencies? How did the results in this experimental result compare to the result in experiment 2? Is your result for the amount of calcium carbonate in your unknown within the range of 10 – 25 g/L? Elaborate on this. What is the average amount of calcium in tap water, how much more higher is this unknown compared to the average content in tap water (express in %). G. Conclusion Summary of the goal of the experiment and how that goal was achieved in the experiment. H. Post-lab questions or Editorial comment What did you learn in this experiment? What skills in lab practice did you develop through this expt? This portion (Calculation and Discussion) is turned in at the beginning of class of the due-date Overall Presentation (of lab notebook) Lab technique during experiment; example are, class preparation, safety glasses precautions and leaving the laboratory clean. Report presentation: examples are the headings of each report that includes name, title, lab partner, date and section #, witness signature. Legibility of report. Is the report easy to read or is important information jotted down by small print in the corners of the lab report. The overall impression is important. Lab Technique Safety: wear goggles, handle chemicals with caution, proper handling of lab equipment Leave lab clean and tidy Score ______/10 _______ Student’s t ____/5 pts % Score 5 3 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 Unknown __________% Error Total (This total may be adjusted d epending on lab technique and student conduct in the experiment) 50

Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky Essays - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky Essays - Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky Tchaikovsky is not only one of the corner stones of Russian musical culture and world music. It's at the same time creative and technical encyclopedia to which every Russian has reference in the course of his own work (Cross and Ewen, 1025), said Dimitri Shostakovich. Peter Iltich Tchaikovsky is considered one of the best composers of all time. In this paper you will see how Tchaikovsky's life was difficult and memorable. Peter Tchaikovsky was born in Votinsk, in the district of Viatka, Russia on May 1, 1840. His father, Lieutenant colonel Ilya Petrovich Tchaikovsky (a well-to-do engineer who was the principle inspector of Government Mines and Metallurgical works), and mother, Alexandra Andreuevna (of French ancestry) had seven children, of whom Peter was third (Cross and Ewen, 1027). Peter's first musical expression came whine he was three, upon hearing one of Mozart's great aria's, Don Giovanni. He demonstrated extaordinary sensitivity for music early in life. As a child he was fascinated y a little mechanical instrument called an orchestrion. When he was five he took piano lessons form Kundnges. Life passed and when he was ten he and his family moved to St. Petersburg where he was enrolled in preparatory classes for the school of jurisprudence. Nicholas Zaremba was a big inspiration, helping him to over come his natural tendencies toward indolence. And he worked hard and well. Another of Tchaikovsk y's teachers was Gabriel Lomankin. Tchaikovsky's mother died of cholera when he was 14. He finished school when he was 19. For a year he worked as a clerk in the Ministry of Justice a job he hated, but devoted himself to completely. Tchaikovsky's first 20 years were very hard. Working to survive in a world was there is no help. (Scionti, 375, Cross and Ewen, 1027-1028, Ewen, 375). Tchaikovsky's early works were technically sound, but unappreciated. I always thought that his music was always greatly appreciated in his time along with ours. He started composing in 1860 and completed an Italian Song, which was published. He soon met the Rubinstein brothers, Anton and Nickolai; both were composers, and Anton was a pianist second only to France Liszt in technical brilliance and fame. In 1862 Anton opened Russia's first conservatory, under the sponsorship of the Imperial Russian Music Society (I.R.M.S.); in St. Petersburg, and Tchaikovsky was its first composition student (Ewen, 375). In 1862, Tchaikovsky left the government service and enrolled in the then Newly founded Conservatory. He combined his studies with Zaremba, a member of the Conservatory Faculty, and Anton Rubinstein with lessons in harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration. Do not for one moment think that I expected to be a great artist.' He wrote to his sister. 'Whether I become a famous composer or a poor music teacher is a matter of indifference to me. At all events, my conscience will be clear and I shall no longer have thought to complain about my lot (Cross and Ewen, 1028). Now when he was writing full time and some of his music was getting performed. Characteristic Dances, for orchestra, was introduced by Johann Strauss II during the summer season in Povlovsky in 1865 a String Quartet and an Overture in F, for orchestra, where heard at students concerts at the Conservatory in 1865 and in 1866 respectively. A Cantata, ode to Joy (written-as a graduating exercise to Schiller's words, the same text used by Beethoven in the Ninth Symphony), won for him a silver medal and inspired his young friend Hermann Laroche, later a famous critic, to say You are the greatest music talent of contemporary Russia, more powerful than Balakirev, more creative than Serov, infinite more cultivated that Rimsky-Korsakov. In you I see the greatest, or rather the one hope of our musical future (Cros s and Ewen, 1028-1029). Upon graduating in 1865, Tchaikovsky had the problem of supporting himself. However, in 1866 Nickolai Rubinstein, brother of Anton, invited him to Moscow to be a professor of harmony; despite the meager salary of fifty rubles a month, Tchaikovsky accepted. Gradually, he became accustom to his new teaching duties at the conservatory. Much to my surprise,' he wrote to his sister on February 19, 1866, 'my course is very successful. My nervousness has completely

The Prefix Co-

The Prefix Co- The Prefix Co- The Prefix Co- By Mark Nichol If you’re the betting type, and you wager on whether a given word beginning with a prefix is attached directly to the root word or linked with a hyphen, bet against the hyphen: The trend- in American English, at least- is to close prefixed words and compound words. However, you won’t always win, because there are exceptions, even among words beginning with a particular prefix. Take the prefix co-, for example. Using the Merriam-Webster’s website as the authority, we can see that virtually every word beginning with the prefix is closed. Exceptions include most words in which the root word begins with o, including co-official, co-organizer, and co-owner. Co-op takes a hyphen when it serves as an abbreviation for cooperative, even though the full term is not hyphenated- though it, like many other words containing prefixes, once was. (However, the unrelated term coop, referring to a shelter for birds or other animals, has no hyphen.) In British English, which is generally more conservative about orthography and word treatment, the correct form is co-operative (and co-operate and co-operation). Co-opt, however, is standard in both dominant forms of English. An all-but-obsolete treatment of such words to signal that the o’s are separated by a syllabic break- this style quaintly persists in the pages of the New Yorker- is the inclusion of a diaresis (two dots) over the second instance. Avoid attempting to attach the prefix to a phrase, as in â€Å"co-personal assistant,† which fails because it describes an assistant who is co-personal, not a personal assistant who shares responsibility with another person holding that title. A natural solution is to employ a slightly sturdier en dash in place of the hyphen to convey the prefix’s relationship to the entire phrase, not just the first word (equivalent to the stronger symbol’s usage in such phrases as â€Å"pre–Industrial Revolution†), but this strategy is not standard; instead, merely substitute co- with fellow. Finally, avoid the prefix altogether if it is always redundant, as in copartner, and consider doing so if, in context, it is often so, as in co-conspirator. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Beautiful and Ugly WordsWhat is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Drama vs. Melodrama

Microbial Biofilms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microbial Biofilms - Essay Example The continuous culture systems chemostat and turbidostat could also be used to culture the biofilms. The type of environment they are grown in, effects their ultimate morphological, clustering and adhesion character. For Visualization, traditionally electron microscopy was the method of choice to examine microbial biofilms under high resolution. Unfortunately, sample preparation for electron microscopy results in dehydrated samples. Consequently, this approach provided a deceivingly simplistic view of biofilms, since the biofilm collapsed when water was removed. (Davey and Ootle, 2000) Phase microscopy was also an alternative to visualization of living biofilms. Biofilms are removed and either directly visualised or fixed and stained prior to examination. Several techniques for microscopy examination of biofilms in situ on the substrata supporting their growth have been used in this study. These have included transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) with and without fluorescence, Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy (HMC), atomic force microscopy ( AFM). ... Light microscopy techniques, although unable to reproduce the high magnification of the methods described above, are still of importance in the examination of intact biofilms. HMC allows the in situ examination of biofilms, a clear image is produced without artefacts. DIC may be used to examine biofilms on opaque surfaces and if used in conjunction with fluorescent vital stains can be used to assess the viability of the microbial population. (Surman et al, 1996) Viability of the microbial biofilm populations can also be determined by LIVE/DEAD BacLight bacterial viability staining kit (Hentzer 2001) The application of confocal scanning laser microscopes (CSLM) to biofilm research radically altered our perception of biofilm structure and function (Laurence 1991). Before the use of CSLM, electron microscopy was the method of choice to examine microbial biofilms under high resolution. Unfortunately, sample preparation for electron microscopy results in dehydrated samples. Consequently, this approach provided a deceivingly simplistic view of biofilms, since the biofilm collapsed when water was removed. On the other hand, CSLM, which allows the visualization of fully hydrated samples, has revealed the elaborate three-dimensional structure of biofilms (Costerton 1995). CSLM is used very effectively to monitor Microbial Biofilms. It is used to investigate not only the presence and the viability of the biofilm consortium but also biofilm/substrata interactions. CSLM has been used very effectively to monitor biofilm development in flow cells. Flow cells are small continuous-flow systems with a viewing port that allows direct observation of the biofilm without disrupting the community. These systems are often once-flow, meaning that fresh medium

Key Features of E-Business Environment Term Paper

Key Features of E-Business Environment - Term Paper Example This essay stresses that business-to-business is a kind of dealing in which the dealing of services or goods is carried out among companies. In case of our online DVD Shop business, we will use B2B that will describe e-communication between enterprise and business to detach it from business-to-commerce type dealings, however at present it is as well employed for marketing reasons. In this scenario, the online business deals with business model that we are going to implement are online selling in which a customer pays for its desired products. This paper makes a conclusion that after designing and developing the web site, it should be accessible to the people. A web hosting service provider provides hosting services by means of WWW. Additionally, there are different packages depending upon the requirements of the site owner. The companies that offer such hosting services are acknowledged as web hosts who, basically, rent out their domain at some specific charges. However, charges can be paid monthly or annually, depending on the customer’s requirements. Web hosts can also provide data center space and connectivity to the internet for servers. There are many free and paid web hosting providers offering these services. For our Online DVD Shop business we will evaluate the requirements to choose what kind of hosting should we use? The web design of our online DVD shop will completely follow the basic rules of HCI (human computer interaction) and usability.

Should the IMF and World Bank cancel all the debts of poor countries Research Paper

Should the IMF and World Bank cancel all the debts of poor countries C.Q. Researcher, September 28, 2001, vol. 11, issue - Research Paper Example A good example is the oil crisis of 1973 whereby oil prices escalated forcing governments of many developing countries to borrow heavily from the IMF, the World Bank and other creditors to procure much needed oil supplies. Much of this borrowed capital was spent on noncapital generating ventures or was lost through corruption. This means that these countries were mostly unable to channel these borrowed funds into their economies to fuel economic growth that would in the near future generate the capital necessary to pay off the debt (Palley, 2003, p. 83). Review Proponents of debt abolition have been advocating heavily for cancellation of all debts of poor countries. The most prominent of these is the Jubilee Debt Coalition, a UK-based coalition of local groups and organizations calling for the cancellation of heavy debts owed by developing countries. The issue of debt cancellation is important because heavy debts which are not payable prevent the eradication or reduction of poverty i n the third world. The World Bank and IMF are party to the Millennium Development Goals one of the main aims of which is to significantly reduce the number of the world’s people living below the poverty line (Pettifor, 2003, p. 71 – 73). ... xperiences of countries such as Nigeria, Afghanistan and Iraq indicate that this general lack of insecurity provides a conducive environment for the growth of terrorist organizations with a global reach. These terrorists pose a serious threat to the national security of all countries, including developed countries. The arguments proposed by both proponents and opponents of debt cancellation have their strengths and weaknesses. Proponents include organizations such as the Jubilee Debt Coalition, experts such as renowned economists in the US, and policy makers in the US and the European Union. They have put forward a number of good arguments. Firstly, they argue that many of the loan deals have terms that are unfair to the borrowing poor countries. According to Palley (2003) the interest rates are usually set very high because many of the developing countries are desperate and they borrow on short notice (p. 86). For this reason, the loans end up being very expensive, an unfortunate si tuation considering that the developing countries are the poorest yet they often receive loans that are more expensive than those received by developed countries. In fact, many countries have already paid the amounts they owed several times over because the debt grows faster than they can pay due to high interest. Therefore, it is only fair that the World Bank and the IMF cancel these debts while it is working on a solution to ensure that in future, terms of loans consider the state of a country’s economy and its rate of economic development. Secondly, proponents argue that debt needs to be cancelled in order to harmonize goals of the United Nations with those of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The UN’s Millennium Development Goals heavily emphasize the reduction of

Principles and Practices of Leadership and Management Essay - 1

Principles and Practices of Leadership and Management - Essay Example In this paper, there are several contingency models which have been discussed to outline the theories of leadership in the society. Contingency Theory of Decision Making As per this model, the success of a decision procedure is contingent upon a number of instances of the situation. This involves the significance of the decision attributes and acceptance, the extent of relevant information owned by the leader and subordinates. Also, there is the possibility that subordinates will admit an autocratic verdict or cooperate in attempting to make a good decision when allowed to participate. In addition, there is the degree of disagreement among workers with regard to their favored alternatives. Path–Goal Theory The theory suggests that the leader should assist explicate the path for workers to achieve the group goals. This is where the leader employs particular behaviors in particular situations to intensify follower satisfaction as well as motivate efforts in the direction of task accomplishment. The theory recognizes four kinds of leader behavior which includes supportive, directive, achievement oriented and participative leader behavior. In instances where the task is taxed, the theory forecast that supportive behaviors of leadership may increase the workers' interest in task completion and encourage workers' expectations for an effective outcome. On the other hand, in instances where the task is complicated, then the directive behaviors such as explaining the task and emphasizing on rewards on good performance may increase the workers positive expectation (House, 1996). Normative Decision Model This theory exclusively focuses on providing prescriptions to enhance the decision-making process of the leader. It gives out a set of 5 different strategies of decision-making that range from directive decision making to a participative one. The finest strategy for making decision situations may be arrived at by answering â€Å"yes/no† to 7 questions based on a decision tree which may characterize the situation for decision-making. The significance of decision quality, the probability that workers would accept to execute the decision as well as the quantity of available information required for the decision amounts to some of the examples of situational considerations (Smith, 1984). Situational Leadership Theory The theory proposes that the effectiveness of leadership depends purely on the ability of the leader to customize his/her behavior to the necessity of the situation. For instance, the workers’ level of maturity. The function of the leader is to constantly evaluate and modifies his/her behavior to each workers’ task and psychological maturity to accomplish the task in sight. For example, when a worker happens to have lower maturity, then the leader should assist the employee on how to carry out the job. However, when a worker is more mature, then probably he/she does not require much assistance to have the work do ne. In this situation, it would be proper to delegate the task to the employee. Studies back the theory's hypothesis that low maturity workers mostly take advantage of the directive behavior. The theory has however been disapproved for its limited focus on only a single situational element, but it has played a part in the understanding of the effectiveness

Russian history, Dr. Zhivago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Russian history, Dr. Zhivago - Essay Example The discussion about land reform weighs heavily on their minds and takes place on the country estate of an aristocratic patron of the arts. Kolya is described as a future famous writer, and it is important to note the future that Russia and its upper class were soon to face: one in which people like the Zhivago's were to lose their possessions and their status under the new Socialist system. The second chapter elucidates the political implications of the strikes, and the various characters' involvement in them. Madame Guishar is called a member of the aristocracy, but she is dependent on Komarovsky for her well-being and financial stability. Lara feels that she is enslaved by the lawyer, and Yura immediately senses Komarovsky's power over her. The Guishar family is not enmeshed in the political changes taking place, but Lara's association with the young rebels and her family's fear of attack shows the all-encompassing power of the imminent societal changes rumbling below. There is a sense of impending and wide-sweeping transformation taking place, though some feel that the final resolution lies in the czar's manifesto. The connections between all the various plot lines seem to imply that there is no action that is not tied to others, and there is no life that stands independently. At the same time, Pasternak creates the sense that all of the diverse movements leading up to Madame Guishar's attempted suicide exist largely to bring Yura and Lara together. In the fourth chapter, many young characters of the novel find themselves in the throes of World War I, in which Russia suffered heavy casualties. The Russian army was ill equipped to fight on such a large scale, and many soldiers fought without weapons or shoes. The war was devastating, of course, not only to soldiers, but also to Russia at large. By the end of 1915, there were manifold signs that the economy was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand. The main problems were food shortages and rising prices. Inflation rapidly forced down real incomes, and shortages made it difficult to buy even what one could afford. Shortages were especially a problem in the capital, Petrograd (formerly the City of St. Petersburg), where distance from supplies and poor transportation networks made matters particularly bad. Shops closed early or entirely for lack of bread, sugar, meat and other provisions. And lines grew for what remained. It became increasingly difficult both t o afford and to buy food. Not surprisingly, strikes increased steadily from the middle of 1915. And so did crime. But mostly people suffered and endured--scouring the city for food (working-class women in Petrograd reportedly spent about forty hours a week in food lines ), begging, turning to prostitution or crime, tearing down wooden fences to keep stoves heated for warmth, grumbling about the rich, and wondering when and how this would all end. With good reason, government officials responsible for public order worried about how long people's patience would last. The war affects the characters in the novel in different ways. Pasha sees it as an opportunity to escape from his unsatisfactory marriage, Zhivago is called upon to apply his medical skills toward an unsavory task, and Misha finds himself contemplating his own position as a member of the

Worldcom Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Worldcom - Article Example He managed his company indirectly and took the firm’s money to spend it on personal purchases which were extravagant in nature. The extravagant lifestyle left him in debt when the company started posting losses. The stock that he took a loan with from the company was the same stock he had used as security for the startup fee of the firm. This is one thing that he kept from the board of directors. He had taken a loan of $415 million and yet he had promised a $1 billion to the creditors, this became a major problem when he failed to meet the financial targets the following year. With the company losing its grip on the share of the market, the 2002 economic downfall of communication companies served as a major blow to the entity. On March of the same year, the SEC investigated the financials of WorldCom which was an economic giant at the time. They found improprieties that led to a 7% drop in the share of the market. This was attributed to the $415 million loan to Ebbers. The firm survived on merger reserves from there on, more inconsistencies were discovered on the reporting of revenues and altering of financial

Russian history, Dr. Zhivago Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Russian history, Dr. Zhivago - Essay Example The discussion about land reform weighs heavily on their minds and takes place on the country estate of an aristocratic patron of the arts. Kolya is described as a future famous writer, and it is important to note the future that Russia and its upper class were soon to face: one in which people like the Zhivago's were to lose their possessions and their status under the new Socialist system. The second chapter elucidates the political implications of the strikes, and the various characters' involvement in them. Madame Guishar is called a member of the aristocracy, but she is dependent on Komarovsky for her well-being and financial stability. Lara feels that she is enslaved by the lawyer, and Yura immediately senses Komarovsky's power over her. The Guishar family is not enmeshed in the political changes taking place, but Lara's association with the young rebels and her family's fear of attack shows the all-encompassing power of the imminent societal changes rumbling below. There is a sense of impending and wide-sweeping transformation taking place, though some feel that the final resolution lies in the czar's manifesto. The connections between all the various plot lines seem to imply that there is no action that is not tied to others, and there is no life that stands independently. At the same time, Pasternak creates the sense that all of the diverse movements leading up to Madame Guishar's attempted suicide exist largely to bring Yura and Lara together. In the fourth chapter, many young characters of the novel find themselves in the throes of World War I, in which Russia suffered heavy casualties. The Russian army was ill equipped to fight on such a large scale, and many soldiers fought without weapons or shoes. The war was devastating, of course, not only to soldiers, but also to Russia at large. By the end of 1915, there were manifold signs that the economy was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand. The main problems were food shortages and rising prices. Inflation rapidly forced down real incomes, and shortages made it difficult to buy even what one could afford. Shortages were especially a problem in the capital, Petrograd (formerly the City of St. Petersburg), where distance from supplies and poor transportation networks made matters particularly bad. Shops closed early or entirely for lack of bread, sugar, meat and other provisions. And lines grew for what remained. It became increasingly difficult both t o afford and to buy food. Not surprisingly, strikes increased steadily from the middle of 1915. And so did crime. But mostly people suffered and endured--scouring the city for food (working-class women in Petrograd reportedly spent about forty hours a week in food lines ), begging, turning to prostitution or crime, tearing down wooden fences to keep stoves heated for warmth, grumbling about the rich, and wondering when and how this would all end. With good reason, government officials responsible for public order worried about how long people's patience would last. The war affects the characters in the novel in different ways. Pasha sees it as an opportunity to escape from his unsatisfactory marriage, Zhivago is called upon to apply his medical skills toward an unsavory task, and Misha finds himself contemplating his own position as a member of the

Questions for Dr.Faustus Essay Example for Free

Questions for Dr.Faustus Essay Essay Questions for Doctor Faustus First complete draft, following MLA format, due Tuesday, Nov. 22. Be sure to have citations and a work cited. Dont forget that with poetry (some of Faustus is poetry, some is prose), you put act, scene, and line numbers in citations (4. 3. 19-22). You also put slash marks between lines. For example, here is a section from Act 4, scene 4, lines 100-101 of the play: Faustus. Whats here, an ambush to betray my life? skill. Base peasants, stand! Then Faustus, try thy If I quoted this in my paper I might put it like this: When soldiers approach Faustus, he says, Whats here, an ambush to betray my life? / Then Faustus, try thy skill (4. 4. 100-101). 1 . Can Faustus be both a hero and a villain? Guilty and good? Is there evidence in the text to support these views? 2. Discuss the theme of forbidden knowledge. What type of knowledge does Faustus want and why? 3. Discuss the themes of free will and predestination in the play. Is Faustus predestined to damnation? Why or why not? Is there a point of no return in Faustuss progress toward damnation? 4. The quest for forbidden knowledge usually leads the hero to corruption and a fall. How does Faustuss quest degrade him? How does he use his new power and knowledge? 5. What is the purpose of the sequence in the Popes palace? How is the Pope a double for Faustus? 6. Doctor Faustus is considered a tragedy. In Poetics, Aristotle proposes the classical definition of tragedy: a drama with a hero. According to his definition, would you consider Faustus a tragic hero? Does he have heroic qualities? What is his tragic flaw? Do you pity Faustus? Does his downfall evoke terror? 7. According to Dr. Arnold Schmidt of Vanderbilt University, Marlowes story illustrates the Renaissances prevalent belief that art should teach and delight, that is, be entertaining while simultaneously presenting a moral. In an essay discuss the following questions. Do you see Doctor Faustus as an art form that both teaches and delights the audience while simultaneously presenting a moral? Why or why not?

Effects of the Stock Market on Economic Development

Effects of the Stock Market on Economic Development Over the last few decades world stock markets are growing enormously and the stock markets particularly in developing countries represent a large share of this boom. Investors are venturing into the world s newest markets and some are seeing handsome returns but are developing countries themselves reaping any benefits from their stock markets? The evidence indicates that they are. Over the past 10 years, the total value of stocks listed in all of the world s stock markets rose from $4.7 trillion to $15.2 trillion, while the Share of total world capitalization represented by the emerging markets jumped from less than 4 percent to almost 13 percent. Trading in the emerging markets also surged: the value of shares traded climbed from less than 3 percent of the world total in 1985 to 17 percent in 1995. The emerging markets have attracted the interest of international investors while raising a number of critical questions for policy makers in developing countries: Do stock markets affect overall economic development and, if so, how? What is the relationship, between stock markets and banks in fostering economic growth? And, how can developing countries benefit from stock market growth? Impact on development: Do stock markets affect overall economic development? Although some analysts view stock markets in developing countries as casinos that have little positive impact on economic growth, recent evidence suggests that stock markets can give a big boost to economic development. Stock markets may affect economic activity through the creation of liquidity. Many profitable investments require a long-term commitment of capital, but investors are often reluctant to relinquish control of their savings for long periods. Liquid equity markets make investment less risky and more attractive because they allow savers to acquire asset equity and to sell it quickly and cheaply if they need access to their savings or want to alter their portfolios. At the same time, companies enjoy permanent access to capital raised through equity issues. By facilitating longer-term, more profitable investments, liquid markets improve the allocation of capital and enhance prospects for long-term economic growth. Further, by making investment less risky and more profitable, stock market liquidity can also lead to more investment. Put succinctly, investors will come if they can leave. There are alternative views about the effect of liquidity on long-term economic growth, however. Some analysts argue that very liquid markets encourage investor myopia. Because they make it easy for dissatisfied investors to sell quickly, liquid markets may weaken investors commitment and reduce investors incentives to exert corporate control by over- seeing managers and monitoring firm performance and potential. According to this view, enhanced stock market liquidity may actually hurt economic growth. The empirical evidence, however, strongly supports the belief that greater stock market liquidity boosts or at least precedes economic growth. To see how, consider three measures of market liquidity three indicators of how easy it is to buy and sell equities. One commonly used measure is the total value of shares traded on a country s stock exchanges as a share of GDP. This ratio does not directly measure the costs of buying and selling securities at posted prices. Yet, aver- aged over a long time, the value of equity transactions as a share of national output is likely to vary with the ease of trading. In other words, if it is very costly or risky to trade, there will not be much trading. This ratio is used to rank 38 countries by the liquidity of their stock markets in four different groups. The nine countries with the most illiquid markets are in the first group; the nine countries with the most liquid markets that is, with the largest value-traded-to-GDP ratios are in the fourth group; the second and third groups, each of which contains 10 countries, fall between the two extremes of liquidity. As Chart 1 show, countries that had relatively liquid stock markets in 1976 tended to grow much faster over the next 18 years than countries wi th illiquid markets. The second measure of liquidity is the value of traded shares as a percentage of totals market capitalization (the value of stocks listed on the exchange). This turnover ratio measures trading relative to the size of the stock market. Chart 2 indicates that greater turnover predicted faster growth. The more liquid their markets in 1976, the faster countries grew between 1976 and 1993. The third measure is the value-traded-ratio divided by stock price volatility. Markets that are liquid should be able to handle heavy trading without large price swings. As Chart 3 shows, countries whose stock markets were more liquid in 1976 countries with higher trading-to-volatility ratios grew faster over the next 18 years than countries with less liquid markets. As demonstrated in the series of papers on which this article is based (see back- ground note), the strong link between stock market liquidity and economic growth continues to hold when controlling for other Economic, social, political, and policy factors that may affect economic growth, and when using instrumental variable estimation procedures, various periods, and different country samples. The basic conclusion that emerges from this statistical work is that stock market development explains future economic growth. What is important is that other measures of stock market development do not tell the same story. For example, stock market size as measured by dividing market capitalization by GDP is not a good predictor of economic growth (Chart 4), while greater stock price volatility does not necessarily predict poor economic performance (Chart 5). Empirically, it is not the size or volatility of the stock market that matters for growth but the ease with which shares can be traded. Countries may be able to garner big growth dividends by enhancing the liquidity of their stock markets. For example, regression analyses suggest that if Mexico s value-traded-to- GDP ratio in 1976 had been the same as the average for all 38 countries in our sample (0.06 instead of Mexico s actual ratio of 0.01), the annual income of the average Mexican would be 8 percent higher today. This type of forecast does not explain how to enhance liquidity, but it does give an indication of the potentially large economic costs of policy, regulatory, and legal impediments to stock market development. Is there really a link between stock market liquidity and economic growth, or is stock market liquidity just highly correlated with some nonfinancial factor that is the true cause of economic growth? Multiple regression procedures suggest that stock market liquidity helps forecast economic growth even after accounting for a variety of nonfinancial factors that Influence economic growth. After controlling for inflation, fiscal policy, political stability, education, the efficiency of the legal system, exchange rate policy, and openness to international trade, stock market liquidity is still a reliable indicator of future long- term growth. Stock markets versus banks: Is there and independent link between stock market development and growth, or is stock market liquidity correlated with banking development and is the latter the financial factor that really spurs economic growth? Although countries with well-developed banks as measured by total bank loans to private enter- prises as a share of GDP tend to grow faster than countries with underdeveloped banks (Chart 6); the effects of banks on growth can be separated from those of stock markets. To evaluate the relationship between stock markets, banks, and growth, our 38 sample countries were divided into four groups. Group 1 had greater-than-median stock market liquidity (as measured by the value- traded-to-GDP ratio) in 1976 and greater- greater-than-median banking development. Group 2 had liquid stock markets in 1976 but less-than-median banking development. Group 3 had less-than-median stock market liquidity in 1976 but well-developed banks. Group 4 had illiquid stock markets in 1976 and less-than-median banking development. Countries with both liquid stock markets and well-developed banks grew much faster than countries with both illiquid markets and underdeveloped banks. Furthermore, greater stock market liquidity is associated with faster future growth no matter what the level of banking development. Similarly, greater Banking development implies faster growth no matter what the level of stock market liquidity. Thus, it is not a question of stock market development versus banking develop- mint each, on its own, is a strong predictor of future economic growth. Why might stock markets and banks both, independently of each other, boost economic growth? Although the empirical evidence is consistent with the view that stock markets and banks promote economic growth independently of each other, the reasons are not fully understood. One argument is that stock markets and banks provide different types of financial services. Stock markets offer opportunities primarily for trading risk and boosting liquidity; in contrast, banks focus on establishing long-term relationships with firms because they seek to acquire information about projects and managers and enhance corporate control. (There is, of course, some overlap. Like stock markets, banks help savers diversify risk and provide liquid deposits. Like banks, stock markets may stimulate the acquisition of information about firms, because investors want to make a profit by identifying under- valued stocks to invest in; stock markets may also help improve corporate governance by simplifying takeovers, providing an incentive to improve managerial competency.) Is greater stock market liquidity associated with more or better investment? Both Chart 7 shows that countries that had more liquid stock markets in 1976 enjoyed both faster rates of capital accumulation and greater productivity gains over the next 18 years However, although liquid equity markets imply more investment, new equity sales is not the only source of finance for this increased investment? Most corporate capital creation is financed by retained earnings and bank loans. Although this phenomenon is not wholly understood, greater stock market liquidity in developing countries is linked to a rise in the amount of capital raised through bonds and bank loans, so that corporate debt-equity ratios rise with market liquidity. Stock markets tend to complement not replace bank lending and bond issues. Economist believes differently regarding the importance of financial system and its impact on economic growth. Walter Bagehot (1873) and John Hicks (1969) viewed role of financial system as a critical factor for the mobilization of capital. Joseph Schumpeter (1912) explains that a well developed financial system stimulates funding for entrepreneurs; According to his view, Economic development fabricates demand for financial arrangements, and the financial system automatically counters these demands. Besides this, some economists just do not believe the role of finance development is crucial to economic growth. Among those (Robert Lucas, 1988) reasoned that economists poorly over-stress the role of financial development for economic growth. A growing body of work would push even most skeptics toward the belief that the development of financial markets and institutions is a critical and inextricable part of the growth process and away from the view that the financial system is an inconsequential side show, responding passively to economic growth and industrialization. There is even evidence that the level of financial development is a good predictor of future rates of economic growth, capital accumulation, and technological change. This research paper is based on an existing papers by (Garcia and liu; 1999) and (Julia Losseva, 2006). The main objective of this paper is to find the relationship between stock market development and the economic growth in developed economies. However there is an effort made to address the role of liquidity in the development of stock market which hasn t been given much of the attention. Some researchers argue that there is no influence of stock market development on economic growth. Recent evidence confirmed that Stock markets may affect economic development by providing liquidity to the market. Usually a profitable investment require long term commitment of the capital however Investors are apprehensive in holding up there capital for long time. Liquid equity market makes facilitates investment and offer quicker ways to alter portfolios so it s vital to both the investor and stock market development. (King and Levine, 1933) provide mechanism to enhance the economic activity they highlighted that financial system is better able to evaluate and finance the profitable prospective investor. The study explicate that financial institution provide the mechanism of evaluation and monitoring less costly and more efficiently, than the individual investors. Additionally the financial system provides better mobilization of capital and financing to the investors. Therefore promotes the growth by productivity improvements. Besides this financial system also assist in risk diversification for investor in relation to uncertain innovative improvements despite of the fact that financial system distortion result in a reduction over the rate of economic growth. It is stressed that the more developed financial system including banks and stock markets enhances the productivity and stimulate economic growth. Government policy on financial systems may have crucial influence on long run growth. (Levine and zervos, 1998) proposed that a well functioning stock market and banks enhance long run economic growth. In light of these conflicting views, this paper uses existing theory to organize an analytical frame work of the finance-growth nexus and then assesses the quantitative importance of the financial system in economic growth. In light of these conflicting views, this paper uses existing theory to organize an analytical frame-work of the finance-growth nexus and then assesses the quantitative importance of the financial system in economic growth. Although conclusions must be stated hesitantly and with ample qualifications, the preponderance of theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence suggests a positive, first-order relationship between financial development and economic growth. Broad problem area Is there a Causal relationship between stock market development and economic growth? Literature Survey: Financial development and economic growth: the role of stock markets: Economists Hold startlingly different opinions regarding the importance of the financial system for economic growth. Walter Bagehot (1873) and John Hicks (1969) argue that it played a critical role in facilitating the mobilization of capital. Joseph Schumpeter (1912) contends that well functioning banks spur technological innovation by identifying and funding those entrepreneurs with the best chances of success. In contrast, Joan Robinson (1952, p. 86) declares that, economic development creates demands for particular types of financial arrangements, and the financial system responds automatically to these demands. The relationship between financial development indicators and economic growth has received a considerable attention in recent empirical literature. Many authors have concluded that the development of the financial system has a positive effect on the rate of economic growth. And the volume and efficiency of investment Fry, (1997), McKinnon (1973) Shaw 1973, and others such as Kapur (1976), Matheson (1980) and fry (1989) and (1997) have presented the theoretical backward of the relationship . Financial intermediation has positive effect on economic growth. McKinnon, 1973 and Shaw, 1973; emphasis the role of financial liberalization to increase saving and investment they argued that financial deepening improve not only productivity but also capital and saving. Therefore it improves prospects for investments and growth. Second by reducing the information and transaction cost the financial intermediaries. The main policy implication of the McKinnon/ Shaw frame work is that government restriction on the financial sector such as interest rate ceilings, high reserve requirements and directed credit policies distort the process of financial development and reduce economic growth. Greenwood and Jovanovic (1990) and king and Levine (1993) argue that the government intervention in the banking system reduces the growth rate of the economy because of the high transaction cost. Gurley and Shaw 1955, 1960, 1967; centred their theme on the importance of financial intermediation to direct saving to investment. Further to their research Atje and Jovanovich; 1993, link stock market development as a positive sign for economic growth and efficiency. Similarly Levine and zervos; 1998 and Singh; 1997 proposed stock market development as a positive function to the long term growth. (Gold smith; 1969) emphasized that the well structured financial system facilitates the growth economy and explained the overall positive impact of financial structure on economic growth. Pagano, 1993; identify that there is an increased risk sharing benefits in larger stock markets through market externalities while Levine and bencivenga smith and Starr, 1996; show that the stock market may affect economic activity through the creation of the liquidity similarly Devereux and Smith, 1994; and obstfeld 1994 shows that the risk diversification through internationally integrated stock markets is another vehicle through which the stock markets can effect economic growth. In the early researches carried out by (Greenwood and jovanovic s, 1990) emphasized the argument that well functioning financial markets lowers the transaction cost which help in directing the capital to most favourable project in terms of returns therefore promotes growth. Both (McKinnon/ Shaw and Gurley and Shaw 1955, 1960, 1967) stress the role of financial intermediaries on economic growth and they concluded that the easy transfer of funds gears the high social return for economic growth. (King and Levine, 1933) provided empirical evidence by observing financial intermediaries and their role in economic growth by using a cross country data of 80 different countries establish a direct relationship between a well developed stock market, banking system promotes economic growth. (King and Levine, 1933) provide mechanism to enhance the economic activity they highlighted that financial system is better able to evaluate and finance the profitable prospective investor. The study explicate that financial institution provide the mechanism of evaluation and monitoring less costly and more efficiently, than the individual investors. Additionally the financial system provides better mobilization of capital and financing to the investors. Therefore promotes the growth by productivity improvements. Besides this financial system also assist in risk diversification for investor in relation to uncertain innovative improvements despite of the fact that financial system distortion result in a reduction over the rate of economic growth. It is stressed that the more developed financial system including banks and stock markets enhances the productivity and stimulate economic growth. Government policy on financial systems may have crucial influence on long run growth. (Levine and zervos, 1998) proposed that a well functioning stock market and banks enhance long run economic growth. Joseph Schumpeter s view financial intermediaries are crucial for innovation and economic development and the same argument was concluded in the empirical work by Goldsmith, 1969; McKinnon, 1973); However some economist like Lucas, 1988 believe that financial development is not important for economic growth and describe the relationship of financial development and economic growth as over stressed. King and Levine strongly hold the view that there is strong relationship between among financial development and real per capita GDP growth and the rate of capital Allocation. They also determined the financial development is robustly correlated with future rates of economic growth. As a result King and Levine supported the idea which was proposed by Schumpeter 80 years back. In another article (Levine, 1933) develop an endogenous model to clarify the relationship between growth finance and entrepreneurship. The study the role entrepreneurs in initiating economic activity there are two views of Schumpeter; the first one which states that innovation are the motivation to seek temporarily monopoly profit. The second view which less popular is financial intermediary play a vital role in economic growth because of the fact that these financial intermediaries provide fund to the entrepreneur for their innovative activity and facilitate development of new product in the market. Previously the economist such as (Schumpeter, 1911) and (Walter Bagehot, 1873) emphasize the role of banking system in economic growth. Beside this historical emphasize on banking system there are few researches on the relationship between stock market and long run growth. Therefore (Levine and zervos, 1998) focused on stock market by using 47 countries data from (1976 -1993). The study empirically investigates whether banking and stock market indicators are strongly correlated with the current and future rate of economic growth, capital accumulation and productivity growth. Te evidences are consistent with the views that service provided by financial institution and markets are noteworthy for long run growth as argued by (King Levine, 1933) finally the study summarizes that financial environment plays crucial role in the economic growth process. In recent papers by (Rajan and Zingales, 1998) contribute to the finance and growth literature by examining whether industrial sector requiring external finance, in countries with well developed financial markets grow faster compared to those less developed financial market. The results are consistent with the theory that financial markets and institution reduce the cost of external finance. For firms and promote industrial growth a emphasized this would imply that an industry in need of external finance such as pharmaceutical grow relatively faster than tobacco industry requires little external finance in countries with well developed financial system Rajan and Zingales ,1998. Similarly Demirguc-kunt and Maksimovic, 1966 found consistent results with Rajan and Zingales, 1998 that firms in countries with well functioning banking system and equity markets grow faster than it was predicted to sum up the study suggest that financial development may cause the rise of new firms and can improve the growth indirectly and also finding provide evidence that financial market imperfection have an important role in on investment and growth. Moreover, some economists just do not believe that the finance-growth relationship is important. Robert Lucas (1988, p. 6) asserts that economists badly over-stress the role of financial factors in economic growth, while development economists frequently express their skepticism about the role of the financial system by ignoring it (Anand Chandavarkar 1992). The link between liquidity and economic development arises because some high-return projects require a long-run commitment of capital, but savers do not like to relinquish control of their savings for long periods. Thus, if the financial system does not augment the liquidity of long-term investments, less investment is likely to occur in the high-return projects. Indeed, Sir John Hicks (1969, pp. 143-45) argues that the capital market improvements that mitigated liquidity risk were primary causes of the industrial revolution in England. The critical new is capital market liquidity. With liquid capital markets, savers can hold assets-like equity, bonds, or demand deposits-that they can sell quickly and easily if they seek access to their savings. Simultaneously, capital markets transform these liquid financial instruments into long-term capital investments in illiquid production processes. With liquid capital markets, savers can hold assets-like equity, bonds, or demand deposits-that they can sell quickly and easily if they seek access to their savings. Simultaneously, capital markets transform these liquid financial instruments into long-term capital investments in illiquid production processes. Informational asymmetries and transaction costs may inhibit liquidity and intensify liquidity risk. These frictions create incentives for the emergence of financial markets and institutions that augment liquidity. Liquid capital markets, therefore, are markets where it is relatively inexpensive to trade financial instruments and where there is little uncertainty about the timing and settlement of those trades. Before delving into formal models of liquidity and economic activity, some intuition and history may help motivate the discussion. Demirguc kunt and Levine; 1996 identifies the relationship between stock market development and financial intermediary development. They find that better developed stock markets also have better developed financial intermediaries. Levine and Zervos; 1998; proposes that liquidity of the stock market is significantly correlated with current and future rates of economic growth. They also discovered that stock market liquidity and banking development significantly predict future areas of growth. Demirguc kunt and Levine, 1996; investigated the relationship between stock market development and financial intermediary development they also found that those countries having well developed stock markets have better developed financial intermediaries. Therefore they concluded that stock market development goes hand in hand with financial intermediary development. The financial development and its impact on new firms creation are investigated by (Beck, Demirguc-kunt and Levine, 2001) and the impact of economic development and financial structure on industry growth are examined by using country industry panel based on work by Rajan and Zingales, 1998 it is questions that whether industries that heavily depend on external finance grow faster in market or bank based financial system. Whether the level of financial development is a matter for economic development , beck Demirguc kunt and Levine, 2001 found that the banks non banks financial intermediaries and stock market are larger more active and more efficient in richer countries. These characteristics of financial system develops as countries become wealthier also the result indicates that while countries become wealthier stock markets become more active and efficient relative to the banks the more important finding of the article is that externally dependent industries grow relatively faster in countries with better developed financial systems which is consistent with the financial services view predicting that industries that dependent on external finance grow faster in economies with a higher level of financial development grow relatively faster in countries with better developed financial systems, which is consistent with the financial services view predicting that the industries that dependent on external finance grow faster in economies with a higher level of financial development. Further to their research by using 44 industrial and developing countries they investigated that institutionally developed market with strong information disclosure laws, international accounting standards and unrestricted capital flows are larger more liquid markets with less volatility and are internationally integrated with smaller markets. (Levine and Renelt, 1992; Arestis and Demetriades, 1997; Luintel and khan 1999) regarded the presence of endogeneity which weakens the estimated effect of stock market indicators (Harris, 1997) as in case of cross country regression to establish the relationship between stock market development and economic growth. Thus our results may be indirectly valuable for less developed economies in way that may help policy decision relating to the adoption of specific types of financial system. Informational asymmetries and transaction costs may inhibit liquidity and intensify liquidity risk. These frictions create incentives for the emergence of financial markets and institutions that augment liquidity. Liquid capital markets, therefore, are markets where it is relatively inexpensive to trade financial instruments and where there is little uncertainty about the timing and settlement of those trades. The ability to acquire and process information may have important growth implications. Because many firms and entrepreneurs will solicit capital, financial intermediaries, and markets that are better at selecting the most promising firms and managers will induce a more efficient allocation of capital and faster growth (Jeremy Greenwood and Boyan Jovanovic 1990). Bagehot (1873, p. 53) expressed this view over 120 years ago. Acquiring Information about Investments and Allocating Resources It is difficult and costly to evaluate firms, managers, and market conditions as discussed by Vincent Carosso (1970). Individual savers may not have the time, capacity, or means to collect and process information on a wide array of enter-prises, managers, and economic conditions. Information acquisition costs create incentives for financial intermediaries to emerge (Diamond 1984; and John Boyd and Edward Prescott 1986). Assume, for example, that there is a fixed cost to acquiring information about a product-ion technology. Without intermediaries, each investor must pay the fixed cost. In response to this information cost structure, however, groups of individuals may form (or join or use) financial intermediaries to economize on the costs of acquiring and processing information about investments. Information costs, however, may also motivate the emergence of money. Because it is costly to evaluate the attributes of goods, barter exchange is very costly. Thus, an easily recognizable medium of exchange may arise to facilitate exchange (King and Charles Plosser 1986; and Williamson and Randall Wright 1994). The financial systems ability to provide risk diversification services can affect long-run economic growth by altering resource allocation and the saving rates. The basic intuition is straightforward. While savers generally do not like risk, high-return projects tend to be riskier than low-re-turn projects. Thus, financial markets that ease risk diversification tend to induce a portfolio shift toward projects with higher expected returns (Gilles Saint-Paul 1992; Michael Devereux and Gregor Smith 1994; and Maurice Obstfeld 1994). Furthermore, a growing literature shows that differences in how well financial systems reduce information and transaction costs influence saving rates, investment decisions, technological innovation, and long-run growth rates. If we will consider the discussion exist on the relationship between the financial system and economic growth; financial markets development is always considered as pivotal element for growth of economy through the diverse contribution of stock markets and banks. Stiglitz (1985) argues that, because stock markets quickly reveal information through posted prices, there will be few incentives for spending private resources to acquire information that is almost immediately publicly available. The absence of financial arrangements that enha